McKenna+H.+-+ASI+-+FA09

The Europeans arrived in Nigeria in the 15h century. This is when the Europeans discovered the southern areas of Nigeria. After the Europeans discovered this land, Portuguese sailors settled here. After they settled on the land they started a slave trade. They were very violent to their slaves and this continued for the next 300 years. Many other European traders such as the Dutch and the British forced Nigerians into slavery also. So many slaves were taken from this coast that it became known as the "slave coast". ( Ekaterina Zhdanova-Redman) There was also something called the transatlantic trade and this was where a migration of about 3.5 million people came in and forced the slaves to move north across the Sahara dessert. Slavery in Nigeria was very widespread and was seen in almost every ethnic group. For example the Igbo and the Yoruba tribes has an extensive amount of slaves. Nigeria started to have the spread of Islam and Christianity which encouraged people to become independent and it gave them morals and values. By having morals and values to follow helped stop slavery. (giorgio) Then there was the colonial era. This did not last long but it had a large impact. The economic growth was scewed by the agricultural products being the main export earner and the large development of infrastructure. These collapsed which led to poverty.(giorgio) On Oct. 1, 1960 Nigeria gained independence. This aloud Nigeria to become apart of the common wealth and also apart of the United Nations. Because Nigeria had a self govern type of federal system and many different ethnic groups, they struggled to unify the country. Because of this, rioting broke out in 1966. After this, many different military leaders were put in control. The ethnic group called the Ibo did not agree with this so they took refuge in the the eastern regions which became independent and was known as the Republic of Biafra. Civil war broke out in this area and forced them to surrender to the federal government. (infoplease.com) The military again seized power in 1984, only to be followed by another military coup the following year. Maj. Gen. Ibrahim Babangida announced that Nigeria would go back to self rule, but after the presidential election of June 12, 1993, he voided the results. Babangida ended up resigning as the president in August. In November the military gained power once again. (infoplease.com) Later in the history of Nigeria religion placed a major part in everyday life. There was a lot of fighting between the fundamentalist muslims and the Christians about the spread of Islamic law throughout the north. This had caused over 10,000 people to die in religious clashes since the end of military rule in 1999. In 2003 there was a major spread of polio because religious and political leaders banned polio immunization. They did this because there was a rapid spread of HIV and by not letting them get immunization of polio it would sterilize women. After this the Kono region lifted the ban of vaccination in July of 2004. (infoplease.com) In 1904 cotton was introduced to Uganda. This led to Uganda having major exports of cotton by 1914. Towards the 1920's large amounts of tea and coffee were grown and sold in Uganda. ALso in the 1920's an executive and legislative branch were formed in the Uganda government. During all of this missionaries provided schools and an education which led to literacy becoming very popular. During World War II Uganda exported wood for the war but Ugandans were getting very restive and riots started in 1945 ad 1949. But during this rioting the first 3 Africans were appointed to the legistlative council and in 1950 that number went up to 8. But after World War II governor John Hall was promoting mining in Uganda which led to hydroelectric plants opening at the Owen falls on the NIle. On October 9, 1962 Uganda became indepent from Britain. After Uganda gained independence Museta, the King of Buganda became the first president. The first prime minister was Milton Obote. Milton Obote did not want to share his power with the president. So in 1966 Milton Obote staged a coup and the president fled. He took advantage of this and became dictator. After Obote staged a coup Idi Amin staged one also but he was a very bad man murdering at least 100,000 people. Amin also decided to take some of Uganda's asian wealth. There were about 70,000 asians that lived in Uganda many with their own buissneses. Amin gave them 90 days to leave the country and once they were gone he split up the land and other goods they left behind between his closest friends. In result of the loss of all the Asians and the murdering of so many people the economy collapsed. To try and keep the peoples attention off the bad economy Amin tried invading Tanzania but he failed. He latered died in 2003. After his death elections were held and Obote became prime minister again. However the election was rigged so Obote's opponents formed an army against him and called it the National Resistance Army which soon controlled a large part of western Uganda. Obote tried to become a dictator once again but the army eventually entered the capital and took over Uganda. Finally political stability returned and the economic growth began once again in Uganda. Also the Asians that were forced to fled were persueded into coming back to uganda. (Tim Lambert)
 * History**
 * Nigeria**
 * Uganda**

The being of AIDS and HIV started in 1985 when the first two cases were discoverd. These discoeries were reported at a Natioal AIDS conference in 1986. When this all first happened the government was slow to respond. It was only in 1991 that the Federal Ministry of health made their first attemp to do something about the spread of AIDS in Nigeria. But this time 1.8% of Nigeria's population was already infected with the virus. (avert-Nigeria) In 1999 when Olusegun Obasanjo became president of Nigeria HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention became the governments top priority.In 2001 both the NACA ( National Action Committee on AIDS) was created and the government also set up a three-year called HEAP (HIV/AIDS Emergency Action Plan). But despite the good efforts AIDS is still a huge problem in society today. (avert-Nigeria) The first case of AIDS was discovered in Uganda in 1982. The HIV prevention programs did not start untill the civil war ended and President Museveni had full power of uganda. AIDS/HIV was spread very fast through the urban areas. By the time President Museveni was in full power Uganda was already in a major epidemic with the prevalence rayes up to 29%. The first AIDS control programme was organized in 1987. This was organized to help make the public aware of how to avoid becoming infected with HIV. This programme also encouraged people to abstain, be faithful, and use a condom. These three things represent the abc campaign that the government set up. The strong political leadership and commitment to adressing the rapid spread of AIDS was a main feature of the early response to AIDS in Uganda. There was a second and a third phase of this epidemic which led to the government to provide funding for drugs and put money towards research to find a way to treat AIDS. international donors such as the World Bank also funded Uganda.(avert-Uganda) AIDS and HIV have had a very large large impact on Uganda. Uganda has lost alot of buissness and workers from this deseise. AIDS and HIV have made Uganda loose labour sources, reduced the amount of agricultural goods sold, and finally it has weakened educational and health services. Employment in Uganda is based mostly on agriculture but fishing and raising cattle are also very important jobs in the economy. This is especially important to the people that live in rural areas of the country. Another important reasource that Uganda has is gold. It is said that Uganda has the second largest gold deposit in the world. But with all the people that are being efected by AIDS there will not be enough people to work all of these jobs. This will effect the amount of goods produced and the amount of money made for the country. This could have a bad effect on the economy.(Lori Bollinger, John Stover, Vastha Kibirige) AIDS also has a very big price tag on it. There are many expences that the government and families have to pay to treat people and help decrease the spread of AIDS. The direct costs include finding medical care, getting drugs to help treat it, and sadly for funeral expenses.( Lori Bollinger, John Stover, Vastha Kibirige)
 * Political Impact**
 * Nigeria**
 * Uganda**
 * Economic Impact**
 * Uganda**

The economic impact of AIDS in Nigeria is very similar to Uganda. Nigeria lost labour and surplus goods becasue threy lost working people becasue they are sick. Nigeria is doing all that it can to make the quality of life for all nigerians better. In 1997, the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeriatook in the National Policy on HIV/AIDS and STI.They did this through the Federal Ministry of Health. This was suppose to help the spread of HIV/AIDS in the country. During this period of time the importance to limit the spread of this epidemic was not recognized yet. Because of this there were not as many steps taken to improve this epidemic. In result of this, more and more people were getting infected by HIV/AIDS causing the prevelance rate to rise and more deaths. Over time Nigeria has been doing more and more to help prevent the spread of AIDS. Now they are making sure every region of Nigeria is getting help.
 * Nigeria**

After the rapid spread of AIDS in Nigeria and Uganda, both countries are working on ways to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. Before the spread of AIDS happened talking about sex with a teeneager was considered inapropriate but now they are holding more sex-ed classes in schools so the students are educated. They also have HIV and AIDS testing centers so that if you do have it you will know not to spread it to other people. Women that live in Uganda and Nigeria are affected more then men. Women in these countries traditionally marry very young and become sexualy active sooner then men do. This raises the chance of them getting infected with AIDS. Many women that are infected are either mothers or have a family to take care of. The women and men living with this virus cannot even get a labour job leaving them with no money to take care of themselves. AIDS has left over a million children without their parents or family to look after them. Without having any parents the children will not be able to attend school when they are of age becasue they are poor. (avert-Uganda and Nigeria)
 * Social Impact**

These two countries can work on improvong the spread of HIV/AIDS in many ways. One way is making sure that young people get an education and learn about prevention methods and how to keep their body safe. Another way is to make sure that there are always testing centers that people can go to in order to et tested and therefore not spread the virus. One other way to prevent the spread of AIDS is by providing free condoms to the people that can not afford them. I think that with scientist studying news ways to vacinate people and finding a treatmnet for AIDS that these two countries will be very sucessful in the future.
 * Future of the Issue**


 * Works Cited**

Zhdanova-Redman, Ekaterina. "Nigeria - History (Grades 6-8)." __edHelper.com - Math, Reading Comprehension, Themes, Lesson Plans, and Worksheets__. 24 Sep. 2009 .
 * "HIV & AIDS in Uganda." __AIDS & HIV information from the AIDS charity AVERT__. 24 Sep. 2009 .
 * Lambert, Tim. "A Brief History of Uganda." __Local and National Histories__. 24 Sep. 2009 .
 * "Nigeria: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com." __Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas, Biographies, Dictionary, Thesaurus. Free online reference, research & homework help. —__
 * giorgio. "Nigeria History." __World travel guide__. 24 Sep. 2009 .
 * made, which can not only reverse the progress the drugs have already, another $3.8 million worth of drugs were ordered, and the programme resumed.. "HIV & AIDS in Nigeria." __AIDS & HIV__
 * Bollinger, Lori, John Stover, and Vastha Kibirige. " The Policy Project." __The Economic Impact of Aids in Uganda__. 9 Sep. 1923 .
 * "Journalists Against AIDS Nigeria - Nigeria-AIDS.org ." __Journalists Against AIDS Nigeria - Nigeria-AIDS.org__ . 24 Sep. 2009 .