Becca+S.+-+ASI+-+FA09

=Genocide = = In Rwanda & Sudan =

**// Some may ask what does genocide actually mean? //** ** Genocide is "the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group." **

=
The land of Rwanda was first split among three groups. The Twa, Hutu and Tutsi. The Tutsi's took over the Hutu. The Germans, Belgians and British were all located around Rwanda and they fought for the ownership of this land. The first European to enter was a German. The king in Rwanda died, causing there to be chaos. The Germans took the initiative to move into the area of Rwanda to claim the land. In World War I, the Germans penetrated into Belgium. The Belgians then moved into Rwanda. The Belgians brought race into the picture when before it was only about social status. They favored the Tutsi over the Hutu, because they looked more like them than the other groups, and that influenced the people. They spread their beliefs by educating and enforcing racism. All the people got "racial identity cards", given by the Belgians. These cards had a bigger meaning than anyone could imagine. These cards differentiated the people not by religion, or culture, but by their race. It wasn't something one could choose, it was defined by one's skin color, and appearance. For many this could be life or death depending on their racial idenity card. In 1959 the first evident violence is seen, a Hutu rival is beaten by a group of Tutsi men, he may have even been killed. In 1960 Gregoire Kayibanda, a Hutu, won the election. He led them to independence for a short period of time. However a year later, in the election they had a joint party. Bertand Russell led the Hutu's to kill 14,000 Tutsi, as they came into Rwanda. In 1973 Juvenal Habyarimana becomes major general of their army. This would be the start of a dictatorship, he was also a Hutu. He did not make the situation for Rwanda good by any means. Habyaimana ruled for twenty years. He said something similar to "as a matter of policy that there will be no right of return for Rwandan refugees" (which were mostly the Tutsi people). In 1990 they put an end to this, however this stirred up a lot of the future acts. Around 1991 there is a new name for the ethnic level in Rwanda, it was called Hutu Power. To make certain that this would happen, Habyaimana started getting “youth militias” together. This group also reffered to as Interahamwe, was similar to a gang, except it was a bigger version. In 1994, it's said that some extreme Hutus brought down a plane that had two important people in it. One being Habyarimana and the other, the head of state for Burundi. The Interahamwe didn't believe that. So they went on a mission to seek out the Tutsi people and kill them. Around 800,000 Rawandans were killed. From then on, there has been extreme violence between different groups. Today there is still refugee camps, and the Interahamwe continue to dominate, in which they only make the situation for the people of Rwanda worse and worse. Overall these acts has resulted in what we know as genocide. =====

=
Sudan is divided between the northern and southern region, separating two major groups the Arabs, and the Africans. It wasn't always like that though, at first it was just divided up into their own independent kingdoms. But when Sudan was defeated by a group from Egypt who were Muslim, they needed help. Sudan and this group were rivals. They thought that the French would expand into their area and take over trade routes and the flow of the Red Sea, which was their route to India. So they asked the British to help reconquer Sudan, and they did. They also gave them tips to help their economy. Sudan regained independence in 1956 with a constitution. Ibrahim Abboud was a General and he took charge in 1958. He made a policy which strengthened the South. The people didn't like him so he no longer ruled. Sudan now had a civilian caretaker government. They split into two groups: “those who advocated a federal solution and those who argued for self-determination”. They had trouble agreeing and communicating. Colonel Gaafar Muhammad Nimeiri took over in 1969. He wanted socialism instead of Islamic for their country. He gained southern support with peace initiatives. Other regions like Darfur and Kordofan wanted privlages like the south had. They discovered oil in the south. Nimeiri gave his control of the army to the central government. In 1983, the second Sudan civil war started, because the south wouldn't follow the rules of that of the north. Nimeiri punished them for this. The economy started to break apart and Khartoum took over in 1985. He set up a cililian government. Their new government was committed to Islamic which caused chaos between the North and the South. Sudan has never had a well based stable government. There was a new policy which was so the South could pursue war against rebels, manipulating them and taking over different tribes. Attacks increased on civilians. Different groups attacked the non-Arab tribes in mainly Dafur, Sudan. “A rebellion broke out in Darfur, led by two rebel groups--the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). These groups represented agrarian farmers who are mostly non-Arabized black African Muslims”. The army has tried to contain the rival groups also known as the “Janjaweed”, who are mostly Arab black African Muslims. This all started because of two different groups who had different beliefs but has resulted in millions of un needed deaths in Africa. =====

__**Political Impact**__

=
In Rwanda, politics played a big role. Politics have influenced different things that we can see in their society today. Different groups that have gone in and out of Rwanda brought their culture and beliefs with them, which influenced the people of Rwanda and my have changed or added to things to which they were accustom to. For example radios helped keep different people in touch and the people gave advice and guidance for what they should do. All the fighting between parties has resulted in a weak government today, which is apart of the reason why so much violence is occurring there now. =====

=
The different cultural and religious beliefs have slowed the growth of their politics which reflects in their government today. Through the battle they have developed their politics, with bribes, advantages and disadvantages, and different policies. Political repression was one key thing that made an impact on Sudan's politics today. Political repression simply means “the oppression or persecution of an individual or group for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part in the political life or society.” With this, the people could not vote for what they thought was right, or who they felt was a better leader. Their voices weren't heard, and that may be one reason why things are the way they are today. =====

__**Economic Impact**__

=
90% of people get their profits from their different agricultural goods. Coffee and tea are their most profitable. The 1994 genocide has left the people of Rwanda with a very weak economy. The population has gone done, and the poverty percentage has risen. Rwanda gets aid money but it's not enough, the people of Sudan in tremendous debt. Because of genocide, they can't rely on neighboring groups to come together to make a profit. Instead they all have their own way of making a profit in order to survive. =====

=
Until 2008, the economy of Sudan was pretty good. There was an increase in oil demand, the prices for oil were high, and there were many foreign investments. Like Rwanda agriculture is also very important to them because majority of their people rely on that to make a living. The don't have a very good infrastructure because of the way conflict with genocide has been going on over the years, it has been resulting in a low poverty line for years, and years to come. =====

==== The social impact of genocide has not only affected the people of Rwanda and Sudan, but people around the word. Different organizations and charities try to raise money to help the people in Darfur(one of the most common places where genocide is currently going on), so that one day, they will be free and have the human rights we all deserve. This issue has been going on for a very long time, and continues to be an issue. The more it becomes known, the more people can show that they care. Hopefully something can be done about this issue, because if not many innocent lives will continue to be lost. ====

Develop three ways in which those two countries can work to improve the social issue in their country. Do they need foreign involvement, business investments, or something else? You determine how this country is going to succeed in the next decades. Be creative in your answer to ensure that the people will improve their standard of living.

__**Future of this Issue**__

==== The issue of Genocide is going to keep growing, unless someone puts an end to it. It has been seen in the Holocaust in Germany, Cambodia, Bosnia, Rwanda, Sudan and more. The only difference is that it keeps getting worse. The numbers in death are rising and the population for those groups are going down leaving them with a disadvantage for being able to fight back. In Darfur alone, a total of 400,000 lives have been lost, and each day more than one hundred people die. ====

==== //3 ways Sudan and Rwanda can improve genocide are:// To reach out ask for help from other counties such as the United States etc. and making an agreement, set up better laws and jail systems, and to increase their technology. By asking for help from other countries, they may be able to come over seas and control current issues and help put new things in affect so the issue is contained. Sudan and Rwanda could setup a type of agreement that if say the United States would help protect the lives of the people, the oil prices for U.S. would go done for the time that they help Rwanda and Sudan since oil is a major export. The United States and similar countries have more powerful weapons and force of that in Sudan and Rwanda, so the United States could send a group of the army over to help control the "jajaweed" and rival groups. Then by setting up jail systems with better laws, the United States army may be able to contain forces and help get them started and put people in command who want what is best for the country. By investing in technology, people may be able to earn more money over time. By getting new tools, and equipment, things may be done faster in less time and more profitable in a short period of time. With this, it will be faster for the people to get out of debt and back onto their own feet. ====

==== People need to come together, to stop the violence in not only Darfur, Sudan and Rwanda, but the whole world. The built up racial hate from generations in the past, needs to come to an end. The people need to see that they are all equal, and should be given the same treatment. The future relies on the compassion that we have as human beings that we have for one another, through this we are able to share our true character. The value of human life is priceless. ====

  media type="youtube" key="dchqJ7bhCBA" height="326" width="401"

media type="custom" key="4441529" align="center"


**Works Cited ** "Background: Rwanda." US Department of State. Web. 23 Sept. 2009. .

"Background: Sudan." US Department of State. Web. 23 Sept. 2009. .

CIA. "Rwanda." CIA. The world fact book, 11 Sept. 2009. Web. 24 Sept. 2009. .

CIA. "Sudan." CIA. The world fact book, 11 Sept. 2009. Web. 24 Sept. 2009. .

"Definition of Political repression." Babylon, 2009. Web. 24 Sept. 2009. .

Gascoigne, Bamber. "HISTORY OF RWANDA." History World: History. History world. Web. 23 Sept. 2009. .

"Genocide." Dictionary.com an ask.com service. Ask.com, 2009. Web. 20 Sept. 2009. .

"Genocide in Darfur, Sudan." GenocideScores.org. Genocide Intervention Network, 2009. Web. 24 Sept. 2009. .

JOHN CANNON. "Sudan." The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford University Press. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 24 Sep. 2009 .

Ourselves, Facing History &. "What is your Ethnic Identity? The Question of Race in Rwanda." Facing History and Ourselves. Facing History, 2009. Web. 22 Sept. 2009. .

"Rwanda -- History." East Africa Living Encyclopedia. Ed. Dr.Ali B. Ali-Dinar. University of Pennsylvania. Web. 23 Sept. 2009. <http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/rwhistory.htm>.

"The Sudan." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Sep. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1251910/history-of-the-Sudan>.