Nate,+Jeb

__**Aspects of Bushmen Culture **__

//__Language-__// The language that the Bushmen speak are clicks **. **There are six different click sounds that are known in all of the Bushmen languages **. **The click sounds are done through the sucking action of the tongue. There are different ways to do different clicks in your mouth. The different positions of the tounge results in different clicking sounds. Different Bushmen groups have different click languages that they do. This click language is an endangered language that probably won't last long after all of the Bushmen people are gone.

//__Beliefs__-// The Bushmen people of Kalahari believe in two gods: one of them lives on the east and the other one lives on the west. They also believe in spirits of the dead **. **They also believe in doing different rituals for different major events. The four rituals that they do that include eland, which is their most spiritual animal, are boys’ first kill, marriage and trance dance, and girls’ puberty **. **The most important spiritual being for the southern Bushmen people is the '/Kaggan'. The '/Kaggan' is the trickster-deity **. **When the '/Kaggan' is not in animal form he lives as an ordinary Bushmen.

__//Behaviors-//__ They are hunter-gatherers, who use the oldest form of hunting known as the persistence hunt with bows and arrows, trapping small animals and eating edible roots and berries. They live in rock shelters, in the open or in housing consisting of twigs and grass or animal skins. They use ostrich eggshells or animal parts for storing and holding liquids. For these reasons, animals and nature are central features in the Bushman's religious tradition, folklore, art and rituals. They are primitive creatures due to the lack of communication to the outside world.

//__Values-__// Parents may never name a child after themselves **. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">All first marriages are arranged by the parents **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Bushmen value time spent talking to each other, joking around, and music and dancing. They also value the ground the hunt on and when killing an animal they thank their gods for the blessings that have been bestowed upon them. The Bushmen have many ceremonial rituals that value the earth they live on and the resources that are provided to them.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> __**Cultural Changes**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Not very many of the younger Bushmen people today still do hunting and gathering **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The culture has not stayed the same because of the amount of changes that the Bushmen have gone through. The last of the hunters and gathers were moved out of their land, which was the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, in 2002 to make way for more diamond mines **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> This was done by the Botswana government but their is a court case going to try and get the Bushmens land back **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The culture it a lot different know then it use to be before globalization came.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//__Globalization-__// The bushmen use shoes to run and go about everyday life **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The shoes the have come from an outside force not as a culturally warping thing but more of an assistance to their everyday lives. They also wear clothing, even though torn and battered, that does not originate from their culture. There are organizations that are helping the Bushmen with new problems that they face. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Now there is not too many Bushmen people left so they have borrowed different strategies for politics, economics and social living.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//__Commercialization-__// The very word 'Bushmen' is associated with images of a people living a happy, care free existence in harmony with nature and far from the stresses of cities and civilization. These images are so vivid that museums sometimes associate their Bushman to exhibit with natural rather than cultural history with the animals of Africa rather than with its people **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Their way of life is much more harmonized with nature than outside civilizations and have changed many peoples perception of nature **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This has harmed them more somewhat then it has helped them. Due to commercialization a lot of the Bushmen people have had to adjust their culture to fit todays cultural standards.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//__Technology-__// They have little outside world technology but, they make due with the resources surrounding them **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">They use bows and arrows to hunt animals. They craft these bows and arrows from animals bones they find from either deceased animals or anything they have hunted and killed **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">They also wear shoes which is a major technology advancement for their primitive culture. It provides protection for their feet and they are able to run longer and harder when wearing them. The Bushmen people also sometimes were other clothing from outside forces rather than making there linens themselves.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//__Travel-__// There means of traveling are very basic **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">They have no other way of getting around other than by feet and other domesticated animals. They also use basic land navigation to navigate where they are traveling to. Travel has also affected them because they had to move out of their land because of the government. The government made the Bushmen people move out to build diamond mines, which would make the government more money.

__**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Citations- **__


 * __Primary Sources-__**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"Art of Africa :: The Bushmen / San of Today, Bushmen Culture and Bushmen History." Art of Africa :: The Bushmen / San of Today, Bushmen Culture and Bushmen History. Art of Africa, n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2012. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> < <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.theartofafrica.co.za/serv/bushmen.jsp__] **

We used this source to get the painted picture because rock art is a big part of what Bushmen people do. This source had lots of different pictures of Bushmen rock art that was interesting and had information about why they did it.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"Bushman and San Paintings in the Drakensberg - South Africa." Bushman and San Paintings in the Drakensberg - South Africa. South Africa Discover Our Drakensberg, n.d. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.drakensberg-tourism.com/__]

This source is where we got the photo of the rock painting. The reason why this was an important site was because rock art is one of the main aspects of Bushmen culture.
 * __Written Sources-__**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Lee, Richard B. The Dobe Ju/'hoansi. N.p.: Harcourt College, n.d. Print.

We used this book because it had a lot of information about Bushmen people in earlier years. The book also had useful insight into why certain things were certain ways in Bushmen culture.


 * __Secondary Sources-__**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"San." Kruger National Park. SIYABONA AFRICA, n.d. Web. 29 Aug. 2012 **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|**__**http://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_bushmen.html__] ** This source we used to gain more knowledge about the Bushmen's historical background. It also had a lot of information about the Bushmen's hunting methods.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"Bushmen of the Kalahari, Namibia." Bushmen of the Kalahari, Namibia. Kalahari Trophy Hunting, n.d. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.kalahari-trophy-hunting.com/bushmen.html__]

This source we used for the newer information about Bushmen people today. This website had a lot of good information about how the culture has changed.