Sean+H.+-+ASI+-+FA09



GENOCIDE-the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group.

Classification || People are divided into "us and them". || "The main preventive measure at this early stage is to develop universalistic institutions that transcend... divisions." || Symbolization || "When combined with hatred, symbols may be forced upon unwilling members of pariah groups..." || "To combat symbolization, hate symbols can be legally forbidden as can hate speech". || Dehumanization || "One group denies the humanity of the other group. Members of it are equated with animals, vermin, insects or diseases." || "Local and international leaders should condemn the use of hate speech and make it culturally unacceptable. Leaders who incite genocide should be banned from international travel and have their foreign finances frozen." || Organization || "Genocide is always organized... Special army units or militias are often trained and armed..." || "The U.N. should impose arms embargoes on governments and citizens of countries involved in genocidal massacres, and create commissions to investigate violations" || Polarization || "Hate groups broadcast polarizing propaganda..." || "Prevention may mean security protection for moderate leaders or assistance to human rights groups...Coups d’état by extremists should be opposed by international sanctions." || Preparation || "Victims are identified and separated out because of their ethnic or religious identity..." || "At this stage, a Genocide Emergency must be declared. ..." || Extermination || "It is "extermination" to the killers because they do not believe their victims to be fully human." || "At this stage, only rapid and overwhelming armed intervention can stop genocide. Real safe areas or refugee escape corridors should be established with heavily armed international protection." || Denial || "The perpetrators... deny that they committed any crimes..." || "The response to denial is punishment by an international tribunal or national courts." ||
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History of Rwanda The highlands of Rwanda are the last part of Africa to be reached by Europeans in the late 19th century. Rwanda and its neighboring county of Burundi are both taken over and colonized by Germany forming Ruanda-Urundi. When Germany invades Belgium at the start of World War I the Belgians fight back by sending Belgian troops from the Belgian Congo to occupy Ruanda-Urundi. After the war was over the League of Nations lets Belgium keep the colony. The Belgians then set up a government system which made Tutsis the leaders of the Government and Hutus were forced into labor. In 1933 everyone in Ruanda-Urundi is given a racial identity card defining them as either Hutu, making up 85% of the population, or Tutsi making up 14% of the population. In July 1962 the colony Ruanda-Urundi became independent forming the separate countries of Rwanda and Burundi. The first president in Rwanda is Grégoire Kayibanda, the name of his party is the Party for Hutu Emancipation. During Kayibanda's presidency 'cockroaches' becomes the favorite slang name for Tutsis. In December 1963 several hundred Tutsi soldiers enter southern Rwanda, they advance to within twelve miles of the capital, Kigali, before they are eliminated by the Rwandan army. The government then declared a state of emergency, telling citizens to 'clear the bush' of Tutsi rebels. Within days some 14,000 Tutsis are massacred in the southern province of Gikongoro.. In 1973 Kayibanda is removed from power by a group of his own officers who replace him with a major general, Juvénal Habyarimana who ruled for the next twenty one years with much support from several western countries. To ensure the effectiveness of the genocide Habiyarimina's government begins to recruit Hutu youth militias. These become known as the Interahamwe. Then on April 6 1994 the president of Rwanda and Burundi were both killed by a rocket which was fired at their plane.

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History of Sudan In 1820–21, the Ottoman Empire conquered and unified the northern portion of Sudan. The new government was known as the Turkish regime. They were looking to open new markets and sources of natural resources. In the later years of the Turkish regime, the British missionaries traveled from what is now modern day Kenya in to the Sudan to convert the local tribes to Christianity. From 1898, the United Kingdom and Egypt controlled all of present day Sudan as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, but northern and southern Sudan were treated as separate colonies. In the very early 1920s, the British passed the Closed Districts Ordinances which said that passports were required for travel between the two zones and totally separate governments were set up. Most of the British focus was on developing the economy and infrastructure of the north. Southern political arrangements were left largely as they had been prior to the arrival of the British. Until the 1920s, the British had very little authority in the south. Sudan achieved independence on January 1956 under a provisional constitution. But animosity between the north ans south led to a mutiny by southern army officers that sparked seventeen years of civil war, 1955-1972. Source: [] []

Economic Effects of Genocide It has taken Rwanda 15 years to recover from the Genocide in 1994. In 2008, the country’s GDP grew by 6%. Rwanda has also joined the East African Community, much the European Union, in an attempt to stimulate its economy and promote inter-regional cooperation. Agricultural production, a key industry in Africa, has increased most notably in the core sectors of tea and coffee production. This has led to an increase in export earnings, climbing to $ 67 million in 2007. Coffee exports in Rwanda alone in 2009 are anticipated to reach $ 75 million. The country of Sudan has recorded a growth of 6.5% in 2008 but that was due to the export of crude oil with record high oil prices and direct foreign investment. The people who live in the area of Darfur mostly rely on sustenance farming to live and with the constant threat of the Janjaweed has made it almost impossible to farm. Source: [] []

Political Effects of Genocide One of the most significant developments in Rwanda since 1994 has been the ability of the present Government to downplay ethnic differences. Bringing the perpetrators of atrocious crimes during the genocide to justice has been a major platform for the Rwandan Government. Rwanda has made outstanding strides in gender equality. It is the only country in the world whose Parliament is dominated by women. Key ministries such as Foreign Affairs, Education and Infrastructure are led by women. 15 years later, Rwandans can look back and say that the genocide is a thing of the past. The country’s political and economic landscape looks positive. But also the Rwandan government has invaded the Congo several times in an attempt to persue the group responsible for the Genocide. This same group has caused alot of unrest in the surrounding countries including the Congo. Sudans government is a completely different story. Many accuse the Government of commiting some of the artocities in Darfur. Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir has been charged with ten war crimes for allegedly leading a campaign of murder, rape and mass deportation in Darfur by the International Criminal Court. Which has caused international concerns about the stability of Sudan. Source: []

Social Effect of Genocide Genocide is one of the most awful and atrocious things that man kind has ever committed. It is so bad that when genocide is taking place it demands the attention of the entire world, not only political leaders but influential entertainers and common citizens as well. Aid groups rush to help those harmed and in harms way even though there is a possibility of being victimized themselves. Also genocide is caused by hatred and when you are on the receiving end of a genocide hate is a natural feeling toward the attackers. Genocide is nothing but a circle of hate that can almost always be prevented.

. Future of the Issue In order for Sudan to stop the violence in Darfur I think that they need new leadership of their government. Because with new leadership will come openness to the desperately needed foreign aid to the area. Also if the allegations against the government are true than by taking this administration out of power you would also be taking a portion of the people responsible for the violence out of power. If it wasn’t for the RPF taking control of Rwanda than there is no telling of the extent that Rwanda’s genocide could have reached. Sudan should learn from Rwanda on how to recover from such an atrocity.

1994 Rwandan Genocide 6 April: President Habyarimana killed in plane explosion April - July: About 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus killed July: Tutsi-led rebel movement RPF captures the capital Kigali July: Two million Hutus flee to Zaire, now DR Congo source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1288230.stm