Hutu+-+CA+-+SP12

**__Hutu Culture Analysis:__ by Nicole Hatchard and Jamie Mulligan** **__Hutu Culture:__**

__Language:__ The Hutu live throughout the countries of Rwanda and Burundi, these countries contain two other groups as well. These three groups share a common culture and central language called Bantu, which they also may call, Kinyarwanda. Although the Hutu’s have long names, the long names come with a clear meaning. In Rwanda and Burundi they have other commonly spoke languages like, Kirundi, French and Swahili. France influenced the language in Rwanda and Burundi when they started supporting the genocidal Hutu, and later on established friendly ties. Also in literacy, the Hutu read and write in their language. A lot of Hutu literature is myths, poetry, or legends.

__Beliefs:__  Hutu are Christian, because of the European influence on their religion and beliefs. Some Hutu continue to practice their traditional and indigenous beliefs. A very small amount of Hutu are Muslim. However, some Hutu don't practice a religion at all. Because of the different influences of religion, the Hutu believe in many different powers or gods including their ancient god, Immaana, and the Christian God. From the "Every Culture" website, it is described that death is mourned and marked by prayers, rituals, and speeches. After death, close family or friends don't work or farm until the mourning is over. Some Hutu also believe that the abazima are ancestor spirits. The abazima were thought to be angry and give bad luck, so the Hutu gave gifts to them and contacted them by fortune tellers.

__Behavior:__ How the Hutu behave and their traditions are unique to their culture. Many dance and music performances showcase the Hutu culture. A lot of music and dancing are involved in their rural lives. Men and women both have different dances and many songs are sung. Some songs reflect stories or talk of hunting. Crafts like basket weaving, clay, paintings, and carvings are also popular in Rwanda where the Hutu are. Within a family, much like other cultures, the women take care of the house and maintaining crops while the men work in the fields and livestock. A lot of the clothing of the Hutu has evolved from animal skins to western-styles. The Hutu are traditionally crop-farmers, in Rwanda and Burundi. They coexisted with the Tutsi, which were herdsmen. The Tutsi came to be the land owners while the Hutu actually farmed and worked the land. After the Europeans came and influenced the Hutu and Tutsi, the Tutsi were the “upper-class” while the Hutu were left as a “low-class.” This caused a division between the Hutu and Tutsi which led to violent genocide later.

__Values__: Many of the Hutu people live in rural areas of Rwanda and Burundi with the Tutsi and Twa. Despite this, they have caused a lot of term-oil in Rwanda and Burundi against the Tutsi people, including overthrowing the government and 800,000 people massacred. Because of this drive towards obtaining power, the Hutu value their power, freedom, culture, and government. Some of the laws on divisionism and genocide ideology (established after the massacre) directly violate human rights, in that they take away freedom of expression, criticism, and “hate speech”. The Hutu value their freedom because of the measures that they took to secure the government and maintain control over the people. In addition to the Tutsi, some Hutu were also massacred because they opposed the organized killing of the Tutsi. The Hutu rebel groups value their ideas and freedoms so much that they are willing to cause such commotion over it. Also, while the Hutu soldiers and civilians murdered, they also raped 250,000 women. A lot of Hutu are Christian-Catholic, which is surprising because of the extremists' violence towards their neighboring cultures. Therefore the many Hutu extremists do not really value their religion or morals. The Hutu value their own culture, power, freedom, and government due to their passion and violence for maintaining their power.

**__Culture Change:__**

The Hutu culture was greatly impacted by diffusion, or the movement of ideas. Their culture began changing when the Europeans introduced modern weapons and religions like Christianity. The new missionaries and churches showed how oppressed the Hutu actually were and caused revolution. The revolutions, over-throwings, and genocide all caused the Hutu culture to change. Before, they were lower than the Tutsi and worked underneath the Tutsi rule. Now, they are the extremists fighting for power over the Tutsi. The Hutu’s passion toward the revolutions didn’t result in many beneficial cultural changes but changed how many Hutu people live. Education has been greatly affected by the genocide, so many Hutu did not attend school. The conflicts had disrupted the education systems in Rwanda. Despite war and weapon advancements, the Hutu culture isn’t changing very much because of how rural and separated they are from the rest of the advancing world. Now, Rwanda and the Hutu people are one of the poorest countries in the world, but they are fast growing. They are in need of developing in order to provide for all of the people. The Hutu can not all farm, so they are trying to move forward in building roads, bringing water, obtaining Internet, and strengthening their economy.

__Technology__: In an effort to rebuild and recover from the genocide, Rwanda and the Hutu are trying to recreate their economy. In order to do this, they need the Internet. So technology is greatly affecting the cultural change of the Hutu. Since Internet has been introduced, the Hutu along with other people in Rwanda, are learning how to use the Internet which is providing new jobs. They are learning more about science, telecommunications, and are now partially "connected" to the rest of the world, through the advancing technology. The Internet can allow the culture to become exposed to different ideas and revolutionize the Hutu people. With the Internet, many people hope to increase learning around the country all from the Internet. Despite the genocide that caused the Hutu to be left behind, technology, the Internet, is changing the culture rapidly.

__Commercialization: __ <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> More the half of the population in Rwanda and Burundi depends on agriculture. Agriculture is the main thing but within the agriculture the most important crop is coffee. Followed by coffee tea is the second most exported crop. Palm oil which is also produced comes form the trees along the shore of Tanganyika. These countries have suffered some difficulties producing these products due to many things. For example poor agricultural practices, not enough rain, and lack of fertilizer all took a role in lack of producing crops. Because of the lack of economy and relations with other countries, commercialization is not greatly impacting the Hutu culture.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">__Travel:__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Hutu group lives in Rwanda and Burundi which is more of a dependent country. With having been “landlocked” they lack transportation, with no big opens water around it to transport or export goods they have to depend on Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia for its imports. As well as not having many railroad tracks. Although they can not travel by boat and hardly by trains they can rely on air transportation. With having eight airports in Burundi, people can travel to Rwanda and Burundi and influence the Hutu culture. For example, years ago, Europeans came and changed the Hutu’s thoughts and beliefs. Although, many Hutu can’t travel because of how poor they are, so new ideas and cultures are being brought through other groups traveling to Rwanda and Burundi.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">__Primary Sources:__ <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Peace Pledge Union Information.Witness Diary Entries. "Rwanda 1994." //Peace Pledge Union Information//. Peace Passage. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Link for journals/diaries <http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_rwanda3.html>. //<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">These personal descriptions/translations give a lot of detail about the violence and land of Rwanda during the Hutu take over. Also, these are from witnesses that were there when everything was going on, so it helped to give insight on the Hutu and their actions. //
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Citations: __**

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">"Internet Evolution - Web Wide World Global Video Series - Rwanda's Internet Revolution." //Internet Evolution - The Macrosite for News, Analysis, and Opinion about the Future of the Internet//. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Link for the video documentary/ interviews <http://www.internetevolution.com/document.asp?doc_id=168518>. //<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">This website was extremely helpful in finding cultural changes for the Hutu and Rwanda. The video was right in Rwanda, so there was a lot of information about the technology changes going on. //

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">"Interview Paul Kagame." Interview by PBS. //PBS//. FRONTLINE. Web. 2012. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Link for interview <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ghosts/interviews/kagame.html>. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">//As the president of Rwanda, today, this interview gives insight on the events that occurred and how the people reacted. Also, this gave information about what the government's changes were and how the Hutu rebels were defeated.//

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">__Print Source:__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Royte, Elizabeth. "The Outcasts." The New York Times Magazine 19 Jan. 1997. Gale Power Search. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Link for the Article: __ http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA150407360&v=2.1&u=pl7053&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w __ <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">// This article went in depth on the Hutu soldiers and their actions towards the Tutsi and other people. What the Hutu valued and did not value was explained in the article. //

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">__ Other Sources: __ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub;">Advameg, Inc. "Hutu." Countries and Their Cultures. Advameg, Inc. Web. 2012. <http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Rwanda-to-Syria/Hutu.html#b>. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; vertical-align: sub;">// Countries and Their Cultures provided information about the religion, beliefs, languages, and lives of the Hutu people. While other sources describe the genocide, this site focused on the Hutu people's traditional culture. //

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub;">Antonacci, J. P. "Local Charity Forges Connections with Rwandan Street Youth." Kemptville EMC. EMC, 19 Jan. 2012. Web. 2012. <http://www.emckemptville.ca/20120119/news/Local+charity+forges+connections+with+Rwandan+street+youth>. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">// This particular article gave insight to the behaviors of Hutu rebels and how it affected many people. In the context much of the "aftermath" of the Hutu rebel's actions is described. //

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">April, France |. "Random Observations: The French in Rwanda." Random Observations. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. <http://tim.2wgroup.com/blog/archives/000132.html>. //<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">This website helped me understand more of what went on in this country. As well as helped me to the understanding of why the Hutu group speaks French. //

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Blenford, Adam. "BBC NEWS | Technology | Bold Rwanda Takes Broadband Leap." //BBC News - Home//. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8266290.stm>. //<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">This website included news about a lot of the technology changes going on with the Hutu people in Rwanda. There was a lot of information about how the Internet is affecting the people. //

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Blenford, Adam. "BBC NEWS | Technology | Bold Rwanda Takes Broadband Leap." BBC News - Home. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. < [|__http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8266290.stm__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">>. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">//<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This website included news about a lot of the technology changes going on with the Hutu people in Rwanda. There was a lot of information about how the Internet is affecting the people. //

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">"Burundi." Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 24 Jan. 2012 <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"><http://www.encyclopedia.com>. //<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">This is a good source because it provided a lot of information on my topic. I showed me statics as well as facts. //

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub;">"Ghosts Of Rwanda | FRONTLINE | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ghosts/>. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">// In addition to the other sources that provide details of the genocide and Hutu actions, "Ghosts of Rwanda" sufficiently supported the details with interviews and a documentary. The interviews with important US and Rwanda people allow us to really understand what primarily was happening. //

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub;">"Rwanda: A Step Towards Truth - Geopolitical Monitor." Military, Political, Economic Analysis & Forecasting - Energy Security - Current News Headlines. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. <http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/rwanda-a-step-towards-truth-4589/>. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left; vertical-align: sub;">// Because of the cultural change within the Hutu people due to the genocide, much of "today" consists of rebuilding their country. This article helps explain the Hutu now. //