The+Age+of+Revolutions

PD 1 GROUP: KATY NEWTON &amp; HALEY VANGORDER

1. The Age of Revolutions was a period of time consisting of several movements within many countries all over the world. Each of the revolutionary movements affected many other countries because most resulted in new ideas or technology. When new ideas or technology are introduced, the information is spread and introduced to new areas, updating much more of the world than just the country involved in the movement. Many people consider the French and the American Revolutions to be the most important political events of the 1900s, although opinions vary. Essentially, all of the revolutions were beneficial in some way to many parts of the world; whether by unlocking new information, sharing new information, or introducing new ideas.


 * TIMELINE:**

The Age of Revolutions was a period of history involving major revolutions during 1763-1848. It changed government from absolutist monarcies to consituitonalist states and republics.

Some of the major revolutions that happened were:


 * 1763-1783: The American Revolution**

* 1763: Proclamation of 1763 restricts settlement west of the Appalachians * 1764: The Sugar and Currency Acts are passed. * 1765: The Stamp Act is passed. * 1767: The Townshend Acts are passed. * 1770: The Boston Massacre. * 1772: Samuel Adams organizes the Committees of Correspondence. o The Tea Act is passed; the Boston Tea Party * 1774: The Intolerable Acts are passed. o The First Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia. * 1775: Battles of Lexington and Concord o The Second Continental Congress convenes. * 1776: American Declaration of Independence o Thomas Paine's Common Sense o Battles of Long Island and Trenton * 1777: Battle of Saratoga o Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation. o Vermont ends slavery. * 1778: Treaty of Alliance between the United States and France. * 1779: Spain declares war on England. * 1781: British surrender at Yorktown. * 1783: Treaty of Peace is signed. * 1785: Land Ordinance of 1785. * 1787: Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. o James Madison develops principles for the US Constitution o Northwest Ordinance. o Shay's Rebellion.


 * 1789-1815: The French Revolution**

1789

* May 5: The Estates General opens at Versailles * June 17: The Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly * June 20: The Tennis Court Oath * July 14: Fall of the Bastille * Late July: The Great Fear spreads in the countryside * August 4: The nobles surrender their feudal rights in a meeting of the National Constituent Assembly * August 27: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen * October 5-6: Parisian women march to Versailles and force Louis XVI and his family to return to Paris

1790

* July 12: Civil Constitution of the Clergy adopted * July 14: The king accepts a new constitution

1791

* June 20-24: Louis XVI and his family attempt to flee France and are stopped at Varennes * August 27: The Declaration of Pillnitz * October 1: The Legislative Assembly meets

1792

* April 20: France declares war on Austria * August 10: The Tuileries palace is stormed, and Louis XVI takes refuge with the Legislative Assembly * September 2-7: The September Massacres * September 20: France wins the battle of Valmy * September 21: The monarchy is abolished

1793

* January 21: Louis XVI is executed * February 1: France declares war on Great Britain * March: Counterrevolution breaks out in the Vendee * April: The Committee of Public Safety is formed * June 22: The Constitution of 1793 is adopted. It is not put into effect. * August 23: Levee en masse proclaimed * September 17: Maximum prices set on food and other commodities * October 16: Queen Marie Antoinette is executed * November 10: The Cult of Reason is proclaimed. The revolutionary calendar is adopted

1794

* March 24: Execution of the Hebertist leaders of the sans-culottes * April 6: Execution of Danton * May 7: Cult of the Supreme Being proclaimed * June 8: Robespierre leads the celebration of the Festival of the Supreme Being. * June 10: The Law Of 22 Prairial is adopted * July 27: The Ninth of Thermidor and the fall of Robespierre * July 28: Robespierre is executed

1795

* August 22: The Constitution of the Year Ill is adopted, establishing the Directory


 * 1799-1815: Napoleonic Europe**

* 1799: The Coup of 18 Brumaire. * 1804: Napoleon crowns himself "Emperor of the French." * 1812: Napoleon invades Russia. * 1814: The Congress of Vienna convenes.


 * 1815-1848: Revolutions of Liberal Nationalism**

* 1814: The First Treaty of Paris: establishes a lenient peace with France. * 1814-1815: The Congress of Vienna meets. * 1815: Napoleon escapes from Elba, gathers a new army, but is defeated at Waterloo. o The Treaty of Vienna establishes the territorial settlement for Europe. o The second Treaty of Paris ends the Napoleonic Wars with a harsher settlement for France. o Russia, Prussia and Austria establish the Holy Alliance. o Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia establish the Quadruple Alliance. * 1817: Simon Bolivar becomes President of Gran Columbia. o The German students of the Burschenschaften hold the celebration at the Wartburg. * 1818: Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle. * 1819: The Peterloo Massacre in Manchester, England. o The German princes issue the Carlsbad Decrees. * 1820: Jose de San Martin proclaims independence of Peru. * 1822: Brazil declares its independence of Portugal. o Jean Francois Champollion decifers the Rosetta Stone * 1823: The Unites States of America proclaims the Monroe Doctrine. * 1825: The Decembrist Revolt in Russia. * 1829-1830: Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. * 1830: Belgium gains independence from the Netherlands. o King Charles X of France is overthrown. The July Monarchy of Louis Philippe is established. * 1831: Giuseppe Mazzini establishes Young Italy. * 1832: British Parliament passes the Reform Bill of 1832 which changes the basis of Parliamentary representation. * 1839: The People's Charter is presented to the British Parliament. * 1846: The British Parliament repeals the Corn Laws. * 1848: The Revolutions of 1848 o The French Monarchy is overthrown and the Second Republic is declared. o The Frankfurt Parliament meets to draw up a constitution for Germany. o Metternich is overthrown. o 1802-1894: Lajos Kossuth leads the Hungarian Republic


 * 1712-1866: The First Industrial Revolution and Its Spread**

**The First Industrial Revolution: Textiles and Steam: 1712-1830**

* 1712: The Newcomen steam engine. * 1733: John Kay invents the flying shuttle. * 1764: James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny. * 1769: Richard Arkwright patents the water frame. o James Watt patents a series of improvements on the Newcomen engine making it more efficient. * 1779: Samuel Crompton perfects the spinning mule. * 1785: Edmund Cartwright patents a power loom. * 1793: Eli Whitney patenets the cotton gin. * 1807: Robert Fulton begins steamboat service on the Hudson River. * 1830: George Stephenson begins rail service between Liverpool and London.


 * The Spread of the Industrial Revolution: 1830-1875**

* 1840: Samuel Cunard begins transatlantic steamship service. * 1856: Henry Bessemer develops the Bessemer converter. * 1859: The first commercial oil well is drilled in Pennsylvania. * 1866: The Siemens brothers improve steelmaking by developing the open hearth furnace.


 * The Second Industrial Revolution: Electricity and Chemicals: 1875-1905**

* 1836: Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph. * 1866: Cyrus Field lays the first successful transatlantic cable. * 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone. * 1879: Thomas Edison invents the indandescent light bulb. * 1892: Rudolf Diesel patents the diesel engine. * 1899: Guglielmo Marconi invents the wireless. * 1903: The Wright Brothers make the first successful airplane flight.
 * source:**http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/WestEurope/AgeRevs.html

2. The Age of Revolution impacted Europe's short-term history. It was the beginning of the end of imperialism because mother countries were starting to lose control over their colonies (like Great Britain and the United States). The large amount of unrest and conquering among neighboring nations causes the countries to develop more slowly because they were worried about protection from warring areas. The repeated turnovers in government work against stability and the people have difficulty adjusting and agreeing with their new governments. Other continents benefit from the products and technologies invented in Europe, while Europe also makes a profit selling its tools to those countries.

source: http://www.fresno.k12.ca.us/schools/s090/lloyd/age_of_revolution.htm
 * 3.** The Age of Revolutions impacted Europe’s long-term history because it completely evolved their culture, their government, and their people. After several revolutions, the European people changed the way they looked at their society, as any country would. Europe was introduced to new technology and ideas, which allowed their minds to be more open than ever and also let the people expand their horizons greatly. Things that felt impossible to reach before were now at arm’s length, and at times this caused problems, but overall the Europeans experienced a positive change.



source: http://www.fresno.k12.ca.us/schools/s090/lloyd/bastille.jpg

4. The Age of Revolution has impacted world history. It helped the European economies because the peace treaties put countries on better terms with each other. The development of technology with the industrial revolution enabled more efficient work for labors and production. Faster ways to communicate enables the countries of Europe to make easy decisions involving other countries.

source: http://www.brandykarl.com/images/boston-tea-party-2006.jpg