Adam+H.+-+ASI+-+FA09

Topic: **Civil War** =**between Ethiopia and Eritrea**= Topics to be covered/discussed in your webpage: History (20 points - 10 points/country + 2 points for significant individuals = 22 points) Explain the historical development of 2 countries in Africa. Begin your analysis when European powers conquered the country. Discuss the impact that the European powers had on the countries and how the social issue developed. Be sure to list 4 - 5 individuals involved in the social issue regardless of their position (Either they helped the situation or made it worse). Identify their role.

Political Impact (8 points) Assess how the social issue has made an impact on the politics of the country. Cite specific developments that have played a role in the political impact. In other words, has it improved or hurt the developments in your 2 countries.

Economic Impact (8 points) Assess how the social issue has made an impact on the economics/business of the country. Cite specific developments that have played a role in the economic impact.

Social Impact (8 points) Assess how the social issue has made an impact on the people/tribes/relationships of the country. Cite specific developments that have played a role in the social impact.

Future of the Issue (10 points) Develop three ways in which those two countries can work to improve the social issue in their country. Do they need foreign involvement, business investments, or something else? You determine how this country is going to succeed in the next decades. Be creative in your answer to ensure that the people will improve their standard of living.

Works Cited (4 points) A Works Cited page with a minimum of 3 sources (one of which must be a primary source *star the primary source), must be part of your character's resume. The bibliography must follow the MLA format which you have been given. As always, works cited in bibliographies are placed in alphabetical order according to the author's last name or the title of the book if there is no author. Book and magazine titles must be underlined or italicized. Of your three sources, one must be a print resource - book, magazine, etc. When alphabetizing a bibliography, the words "The," "A," or "An" are ignored at the beginning and the next word is used to determine the alphabetical order. You may use your textbook, but you may not cite your text as a source. No traditional encyclopedias may be cited as sources.

 __**History of Ethiopia & Eritrea:**__

// Ethiopia // : Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa. When Ethiopia was first developing, Missionaries from Egypt and Syria came and introduced Christianity and afterwords all kinds of religions were introduced, including Islam, (MacDonald, Fiona, Elizabeth Paren, Kevin Shillington, Gillian Stacey, and Philip Steele, Google Books). F or the first 100 years from the 1700s , there was no central power in Ethiopia, such as a government or leader. Eventually, emperors starting ruling Ethiopia, but they were ineffective and had little power over it's citizens. The uniting and rise of Ethiopia began when Tewodros and Yohannis IV were in command from 1855 to 1889, (MacDonald, Fiona, Elizabeth Paren, Kevin Shillington, Gillian Stacey, and Philip Steele. Google Books). Tewodros had imprisoned numerous British people to protect the country, but the British sent a lot of soldiers to rescue them. Yohannis strengthened the military and negotiated with other nations such as Europe. Emperor Menelik eventually came to power and led Ethiopia from 1889 to 1913. During that time, the Race for Africa started. This was a result of clashes between European nations claiming African territory, especially during the time of the new imperialism, (infoplease). Menelik played an important role, in that not only did he establish better ways to improve Ethiopia, but he prevented European powers from overtaking the country, or at least for awhile. He fought European powers off at that time, but he also had a lot of impact on the country. For instance, Emperor Menelik established borders of Ethiopia that still exists today, (state.gov, state department).

Despite a defeat from Ethiopia, Italy still posed a great threat. Italy had already begun to colonize certain parts of Ethiopia. Wars broke out, and the first Ethiopian war was fought between Italy and Ethiopia from 1895 to 1896, which was known as the First Italo, (MacDonald, Fiona, Elizabeth Paren, Kevin Shillington, Gillian Stacey, and Philip Steele, Google Books). For some time, Ethiopia was independent from European powers and stayed strong and pushed back Italy. Italy had a hard time facing a bitter defeat and secretly planned to invade Ethiopia for another attack. Eventually European powers overtook Ethiopia, and their leader at that time was replaced by the king of Italy, Victor Emmanuel. As new emperors came and went, the most powerful was Haile Selassie. After Ethiopia had been conquered by Italy, Great Britain helped Ethiopia regain its independence. Unfortunately, Haile Selassie didn't do much to help his country and let rich nobles gain more power. As a result, many people lived in poverty and famines worsened. This led to resistance and people opposing the emperor. Wars broke out once again but this time, between the government and the citizens. This civil unrest got worse and rebel groups established democracy, overthrowing the dictatorship. From 1991, Ethiopia moved toward democracy as their way of government, (infoplease). To this day, the various ethic groups and the fragile economy make Ethiopia unstable, as it still isn't a united country. Also the wars have left such emotional scars that Ethiopia and Eritrea won't forget what each has done. Extremists activity has taken place, and civil wars are still raging throughout the two countries.

 // Eritrea // : Eritrea gets it's name from Italy, when European powers overtook it. Italy had a plan to expand in eastern Africa, including Eritrea and Ethiopia. They viewed Eritrea as their first and most important colony. Italy colonized Eritrea in 1885, and used Eritrea to meet their needs, like gaining power. Between the years 1936 and 1941, the dictator Benito Mussolini, an Italian Politician, extended the Italian Empire to include Eritrea, Ethiopia, and even Somaliland, (state.gov, state department). Mussolini helped carve out large empires over several hundred years. The leader Haile Selassie, who also impacted Ethiopia, made a difference in Eritrea also. After he shut down Eritrea's parliament, in 1962 he declared them the fourteenth province of Ethiopia. However European powers were overcome by British forces, and the British took control and kicked out all European countries. The people of Eritrea weren't very happy about all the tyranny and the limited votes they had. However, the British gave them some freedom by letting them have some democratic rights. The urge for independence was strong among Eritrea citizens, and massive breakouts and fights as well as rebel forces resulted. As the years passed by, failed attempts to gain independence grew. Eventually the United States decided to help the people of Eritrea and Ethiopia get their rights, (state.gov, state department).

From April 23rd-25th 1991, a large number of citizens poured in to vote for their independence. Eritrea officially became an independent state on April 27th, 1991. Isaias Afewerki, became the first president of Eritrea and played a huge role in gaining independence for Ethiopia, (<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> infoplease). Afewerki lead the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, also known as the EPLF. However the EPLF started fighting with Eritrean Liberation Front, known as ELF. This sparked a military conflict. Afewerki helped put together a rebel group organization and he also helped citizens fight for the independence of Eritrea and Ethiopia. He created a new government and improved and organized Eritrea. Hamid Idris Awate, a leader in early movements for Eritrean independence, fired the first shot against the Ethiopian government. Later he created the Eritrean Liberation Army. Awate had provided Eritrea citizens with hope and he served as their leader. Eritrea wasn't ready to govern itself, so when they finally earned their independence back, they had no education system, no constitution to follow, and no judical system, (<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal;">MacDonald, Fiona, Elizabeth Paren, Kevin Shillington, Gillian Stacey, and Philip Steele, Google Books). They were required to build foundations of their government from scratch. Not only is their government unstable already, but there are numerous groups still fighting, including the EPLF and ELF. Ethiopia still wants to control Eritrea, and many border wars broke out, including one that lasted from 1998 to 2000.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> __** Political Impact: **__ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> Civil war between Ethiopia and Eritrea has not only weakened their economies/government and made them even more fragile, but the poverty rate has grown and even more people experience suffering. The two countries aren't fully developed yet, and as poor as they are, the money is going to war expenses. Citizens living within either of the two countries aren't getting the attention they need because of their country is dealing with war, making it even more harsh on the people. Problems consist of overpopulation, <span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">deforestation, and the increasing rate of unemployment. Droughts are becoming more and more common with the result that crops, vegetables and fruits have large amount of tax put on them, making it harder and more expensive to get goods to the market. Problems in Ethiopia and Eritrea are rising dramatically. Crops being destroyed has really hit Ethiopia, and droughts have really impacted Eritrea. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">__** Economic Impact: **__ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> Lots of cities and towns now have to rely on other countries to export goods to them. Ethiopia and Eritrea are doing everything they can to earn money, for example, exporting coffee. Ethiopia was the original source of the coffee bean, but coffee has become even more critical to its economy as it's the country's major export. Coffee provides about 65% of Ethiopia's foreign exchange earnings. Ethiopia's and Eritrea's economies have been beaten down so bad that neither of them have the amount of money to repair and rebuild. The majority of Ethiopia's goods have been imported from other countries, which weakens their own economy. Eritrea is also using other countries to help them, such as making deals with other countries and borrowing money. Burrowing money has plummeted both countries into debt.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> __** Social Impact: **__ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> Civil war amongst the two countries has stirred up all kinds of rebel and ethnic groups to come together to form groups such as the EPLF and ELF. Relationships between other countries and Ethiopia and Eritrea have worsened, because of the debts they have to pay off to them. Not only that, but the relationship between Ethiopia and Eritrea is tense, as they have caused each others governments to crumble, and war is still going on between them. People living within the two countries have suffered from lack of goods, food and money also. Both countries have a poor economy which has no money for things like roads, education, etc. The economy just isn't functional and the government is having a hard time getting everything solved and fixed.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">** Future of the Issue: ** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> The three ways Ethiopia and Eritrea can resolve and even stop civil war, and develop their countries are: establish stable governments and have peace treaties; explore how to better market their biggest export products (e.g. coffee); raise money for infrastructure projects (e.g. roads, education, etc) by inviting voluntary organizations in to help, and also ask the U.N. for grant money that is contingent on the establishment of free and democratic elections. In order to establish a stable government and have peace treaties, first thing that needs to be done is resolve all the rebel groups. All the groups that are fighting for various reasons, such as militia groups fighting for better equality and freedom, or fighting other nations. Also, to meet the other things that need to be done, Ethiopia and Eritrea need to watch out for unnecessary things that consume money. For instance, the war between them. Lots of the countries money is going to war.

__MINIMUM OF THREE SITES

WORKS CITED:__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal;">"Eritrea: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com." __Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas, Biographies, Dictionary, Thesaurus. Free online reference, research & homework help. — Infoplease.com__. 22 Sep. 2009 <http://www.infoplease.com/ipa

MacDonald, Fiona, Elizabeth Paren, Kevin Shillington, Gillian Stacey, and Philip Steele. "Peoples of Africa - Google Books." __Google Books__. 22 Sep. 2009 <http://books.google.com/books?id=FPxBJ_tMTMEC&pg=PA174&dq=Europe+and+Ethiopia&ei=f1i5SuP5IJv-yATRtonqDg#v=onepage&q=Europe

1977, however, the Ethiopian Army's morale plummeted, 1986, the Derg launched eight major offensives against the independence movement--all of which failed. In 1988, the EPLF captured Afabet, headquarters of the Ethiopian Army in northeastern Eritrea, Eritrea's second-largest city. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union informed Mengistu that it would not be renewing its defense, cooperation agreement. With the withdrawal of Soviet support, and supplies. "Eritrea (04/09)." __U.S. Department of State__. 22 Sep. 2009 <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bg